The WHO Family of International Classifications and Terminologies includes: the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD), the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), and the International Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI).
Understanding the Hague Convention in Family Law
The Hague Convention refers to a series of international treaties developed by the Hague Conference on Private International Law. Among these, several conventions address critical issues in family law, such as child abduction, adoption, and child support. These conventions aim to harmonize legal frameworks across countries and ensure the protection of families and children in cross-border situations.
Key Hague Conventions in Family Law
- The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (1980):
- Objective: Prevent international child abduction and ensure the prompt return of children wrongfully removed or retained across international borders.
- Application: It applies to children under 16 years of age who are taken by one parent without the consent of the other or in violation of custody rights.
- Key Provisions:
- Ensures the immediate return of abducted children to their habitual residence.
- Recognizes custody rights across member countries.
- Focuses on the best interests of the child.
- Notable Case: Abbott v. Abbott (2010) – U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a parent’s ne exeat right (the right to prevent a child from leaving the country) qualifies as a custody right under the Hague Convention.
- The Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption (1993):
- Objective: Establish safeguards to ensure ethical practices in intercountry adoption and prevent child trafficking.
- Key Features:
- Creates a system of cooperation between countries to manage adoptions.
- Ensures that adoptions are in the child’s best interest and respect their rights.
- Requires central authorities in member states to oversee adoption processes.
- The Hague Convention on the International Recovery of Child Support and Other Forms of Family Maintenance (2007):
- Objective: Simplify and standardize the enforcement of child and spousal support orders across borders.
- Key Mechanisms:
- Provides a framework for the recognition and enforcement of maintenance decisions.
- Facilitates cooperation between central authorities to locate individuals and enforce support payments